Histopathological and molecular characterization of encephalitic listeriosis in small ruminants from northern Paraná, Brazil

Listeriosis is a disease primarily of ruminants caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. Ruminants either demonstrate manifestations of the encephalitic, septicemic, or reproductive form of listeriosis. The pathological and molecular findings with encephalitic listeriosis in a 5.5-month-old, male, mixed-breed goat and a 3-year-old Texel-crossed sheep from northern Paraná, Brazil are described. Clinically, the kid demonstrated circling, lateral protrusion of the tongue, head tilt, and convulsions; the ewe presented ataxia, motor incoordination, and lateral decumbency. Brainstem dysfunctions were diagnosed clinically and listeriosis was suspected. Necropsy performed on both animals did not reveal remarkable gross lesions; significant histopathological alterations were restricted to the brainstem (medulla oblongata; rhombencephalitis) and were characterized as meningoencephalitis that consisted of extensive mononuclear perivascular cuffings, neutrophilic and macrophagic microabscesses, and neuroparenchymal necrosis. PCR assay and direct sequencing, using genomic bacterial DNA derived from the brainstem of both animals, amplified the desired 174 base pairs length amplicon of the listeriolysin O gene of L. monocytogenes. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the strains associated with rhombencephalitis during this study clustered with known strains of L. monocytogenes lineage I from diverse geographical locations and from cattle of the state of Paraná with encephalitic listeriosis. Consequently, these strains should be classified as L. monocytogenes lineage I. These results confirm the active participation of lineage I strains of L. monocytogenes in the etiopathogenesis of the brainstem dysfunctions observed during this study, probably represent the first characterization of small ruminant listeriosis by molecular techniques in Latin America, and suggest that ruminants within the state of Paraná were infected by the strains of the same lineage of L. monocytogenes.

The response of bronchial associated lymphoid tissue to intratracheal administration of peste des petit ruminants virus and its Co-Infection with mannheimia hemolytica in goats / Respuesta del tejido linfoide asociado con bronquios a la administración intratraqueal del virus peste de pequeños rumiantes y su coinfección con Mannheimia hemolytica en cabras

The morphometry of bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) and its possible exploration as to the control of common viral and bacterial pneumonia and their co-infection in Sub-Saharan goats is scanty in literatures. This investigation utilizes archival tissues from study that involved 35 apparently healthy West Africa Dwarf goats which were divided into groups PPRV and PPRV+MH with 15 goats each while 5 goats served as control. PPRV goats were infected intratracheally with 1ml of pure cultured 106.5 TCID50 PPR Pestes des petit Ruminant virus (PPRV) grown in baby hamster kidney cell lines and PPRV+MH with 1 ml of PPRV and a week later 1ml of MH (Mannheimia hemolytica) A2. The BALT number, type and cellularity were determined using standard methods with the use of an image analyzer. Student t-test was used to test for significant differences. The results showed that the average number of BALT was significantly more in PPRV+MH infection than that of PPRV infection i.e. 6.20+/-3.63 for PPRV+MH and 4.11+/-2.92 for PPRV with more nodular types of BALT (8.01+/-1.83) than the aggregates type (4.3+/-1.50) while the average number of lymphocytes in the nodular, aggregate BALT significantly increased with 82.25+/-15.95, 56.00+/-7.28 in PPRV to 103.33+/-44.10, 66.00+/-7.93 in PPRV+MH respectively. There was an irregular pattern in the surface Area (SA) and Perimeter (P) of BALT following infections. The increase in average number of BALT and lymphocytes in PPRV+MH infection than that of PPRV infection showed that the development of BALT and the number of lymphocytes in BALT could be used to assess the mucosal immunity following intratracheal administration of PPRV and MH in goats. This is however the first study that described the morphometry of bronchial associated lymphoid tissue in experimental PPRV and PPRV+MH infection in Sub-Saharan goats.

Es escaso en la literatuta el conocimiento de la morfometría del tejido linfoide asociado a bronquios (BALT) y su posible exploración para el control de la neumonía viral común, pneumonia bacteriana y su co-infección en el ganado caprino subsahariano. Esta investigación utilizó tejidos archivados pertenecientes a 35 cabras enanas del oeste africano aparentemente sanas, que fueron divididas en grupos PPRV y PPRV+MH con 15 cabras cada uno, mientras que 5 cabras sirvieron como control. Las cabras PPRV fueron infectadas por vía intratraqueal con 1 ml de cultivo puro 106,5 TCID50 PPR virus Peste de Pequeños Rumiantes (PPRV) cultivados en líneas celulares renales de hámsters recien nacidos y PPRV+MH con 1 ml de PPRV y una semana después de 1 ml de MH (Mannheimia haemolytica) A2. El número de BALT, tipo y la celularidad se determinaron utilizando métodos estándar con el uso de un analizador de imágenes. Se utilizó la prueba t de Student para probar las diferencias significativas. Los resultados mostraron que el número promedio de BALT fue significativamente mayor en la infección PPRV+MH que la infección PPRV, es decir, 6,20+/-3,63 para PPRV+MH y 4,11+/-2,92 para PPRV con un BALT principalmente de tipo nodular (8,01+/-1,83) que de tipo agregado (4,3+/-1,50), mientras que el número promedio de linfocitos en el BALT nodular y agregado aumentó significativamente con 82,25+/-15,95 y 56,00+/-7,28 en PPRV y, 103,33+/-44,10 y 66,00+/-7,93 en PPRV+MH respectivamente. No hubo un patrón irregular en el área de superficie y perímetro del BALT después de las infecciones. El aumento en el número promedio de BALT y linfocitos en la infección PPRV+MH comparado con la de infección PPRV mostró que el desarrollo de BALT y el número de linfocitos en BALT podría ser utilizado para evaluar la inmunidad de la mucosa después de la administración intratraqueal de PPRV+MH en cabras. Este es el primer estudio que describe la morfometría del tejido linfoide asociado a bronquios en la...

The pattern of distribution of pneumonic consolidation in experimental peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and/or Mannheimia Hemolytica Infection in West African dwarf goats / Patrón de distribución de la consolidación pneumónica en infección experimental con virus peste des petits ruminants (PPRV) y/o mannheimia hemolítica en cabras enanas del Oeste Africano

The study into the pattern of distribution of the lung consolidation associated with common viral and bacterial pneumonia and their co-infection in subsaharan goats is scanty in literatures. Fifty apparently healthy West Africa Dwarf goats (WAD) six months of age were used for the experiment. The animals were divided into groups A, B, and C with 15 goats each while 5 goats served as control. Group A goats infected with 1ml of pure culture (1 X 109 CFU) of Mannheimia haemolytica MH A2, while group B with 1ml of pure cultured 106.5 TCID50 PPR virus grown in Baby hamster kidney cell lines and group C with 1 ml of PPRV and a week later 1ml of MH A2. The degree of consolidation or pneumonia as a percentage of the total lung volume was determined by visual observation, palpation and measurement of the lesion which is estimated as a percentage of each lobe. Student t-test were used to test for significant differences. The right lungs have a higher lung consolidation percentage than the left in all the treatment groups. The accessory lobe was affected in the PPRV group. The MH group has the highest lung consolidation percentage (10.1 percent). The PPRV 1-28dpi has the lowest consolidation percentage (1.06 percent). There is significant difference in the consolidation percentage and mortality between MH, PPR+MH, PPRV 28-45 dpi and PPRV 1-28dpi (P<0.05). This observation further show that the right lung and the anterior lobes were more affected in experimental viral and bacterial respiratory pathogen and their co-infection as the trachea birfucation is first to the right and the distance between the right and the left birfucation was 1.5 +/- 0.35cm. It is the first study that describes and compare the pattern of distribution and morphometry of pneumonia in experimental PPRV, MH and PPRV+MH infections in goats.

El estudio sobre el patrón de distribución de la consolidación pulmonar asociada con neumonía virales y bacterianas comunes y sus co-infección en cabras Subsaharianas, es escasa en la literatura. Cincuenta cabras enanas de África occidental (WAD) aparentemente sanas de seis meses de edad fueron utilizados para el experimento. Los animales se dividieron en grupos A, B y C con 15 cabras cada uno mientras que el 5 cabras sirvió como control. Grupo A cabras infectadas con 1 ml de cultivo puro (1 X 109 UFC) de Mannheimia haemolytica MH A2, mientras que el grupo B con 1 ml de cultivo puro 10 6,5 DICT50 PPR cultivado en líneas celulares de riñón de crías de hámsters y el grupo C con 1 ml de PPRV y un semana después de 1 ml de MH A2. El grado de consolidación o neumonía como porcentaje del volumen pulmonar total se determinó por observación visual, palpación y la medición de la lesión que se estima como un porcentaje de cada lóbulo. El test t de Student se utilizaron para probar las diferencias significativas. El pulmón derecho tiene un porcentaje de consolidación pulmonar superior a izquierdo en todos los grupos de tratamiento. El lóbulo accesorio se vio afectado en el grupo de PPRV. El grupo MH tiene el porcentaje más alto de consolidación pulmonar (10,1 por ciento). El PPRV 1-28dpi tiene el menor porcentaje de consolidación (1,06 por ciento). No hay diferencia significativa en el porcentaje de consolidación y la mortalidad entre MH, MH + PPR, PPRV 28-45 dpi y PPRV 1-28dpi (P <0,05). Esta observación muestra además que el pulmón derecho y los lóbulos anteriores se vieron más afectados en infecciones respiratorias patógenas experimentales con agentes virales y bacterianos y su co-infección como la bifurcación traqueal es primero a la derecha y la distancia entre la derecha y la bifurcación izquierda fue de 1,5 +/- 0,35 cm. Es el primer estudio que describe y compara el patrón de distribución y la morfometría de las neumonías en PPRV experimentales, MH y MH + PPRV...

Surgical treatment for different forms of hernias in sheep and goats

Sheep and goats are frequently presented with different forms of hernias to veterinary clinics. The aim of this study is to investigate the outcome of the surgical treatment of abdominal, umbilical, inguinal and scrotal hernias in sheep and goats. Fifty-eight clinical cases (sheep = 44, goat = 14) were presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia from September, 2003 to September, 2006. These animals had abdominal (sheep = 30, goat = 10), umbilical (sheep = 6, goat = 4), inguinal (sheep = 7) and scrotal (sheep = 1) hernias. All the cases of hernias in sheep and goats were subjected to full study including the history of the case, classification of hernias, the size of the hernial ring, surgical repair of the hernias, adhesions between the hernial sacs in each case, the postoperative care and follow up of the cases. The results revealed that gender had an effect on the incidence of hernia. The incidence of abdominal hernias was higher in females and the incidence of inguinal hernia was higher in males. There was a positive correlation between the history of hernia and the degree of adhesion. For the sheep, 26 out of 30 cases of abdominal hernia had good outcomes and the healing was excellent. There were postoperative complications in 4 ewes. For the goats, there were slight swellings at the site of operation in 2 out of 10 cases of abdominal hernia, while the remaining 8 cases had good outcomes. There was one case of umbilical hernia with an umbilical abscess that had broken down with sepsis formation at the surgical site. In conclusion, the success rates of surgical treatment for all types of hernias were very high and there were no significant differences in the success rates among the different types of hernias in both sheep and goats. The types of suture materials and the types of hernias had no significant effect on the outcome of the surgical treatment.